Furthermore, the use of UHI tools in policy and decision-making appears to be limited, thus raising questions about the continued development of such tools by multiple organisations duplicating scarce resources. The relation between urban health indicators and health impacts attributable to modifiable environmental characteristics is often indirect. This is particularly relevant to built environment policy and decision-makers, reflects growing analytical capability and offers the potential for improved understanding of the complexity of influences on urban health (an aspect noted as a particular challenge by some indicator producers). The proportions of UHI tools which measure data at the neighborhood and lower scale, and present data via interactive maps, have both increased over time. Our taxonomy classifies the significant diversity of UHI tools with respect to topic, spatial scale, format, scope and purpose. We included 198 documents which identified 145 UHI tools comprising 8006 indicators, from which we developed a taxonomy. We extracted data from primary studies and online indicator systems. We searched seven bibliographic databases, four key journals and six practitioner websites and conducted Google searches between Januand Februfor UHI tools.
This review performs a census of UHI tools and explores their nature and characteristics (including how they represent, simplify or address complex systems) to increase understanding of their potential use by municipal built environment policy and decision-makers.
Where UHI tools provide data at the neighborhood (and lower) scale they can provide valuable information about health inequalities and environmental deprivation. Urban health indicator (UHI) tools provide evidence about the health impacts of the physical urban environment which can be used in built environment policy and decision-making.
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